Grammar November 12, 2010June 11, 2013 1 Minute The basic verb for to think in Korean is 생각하다 . So we can use this verb when we want to
express an opinion by using V+다고 생각하다. Examples 비빔밥을 마시있다고 생각해요 좋다고 생각해요 내 남자친구는 똑똑하다고 생각해요 내일 춥겠다고 생각해요 수학시험이 어렵겠다고 생각해요 Published November 12,
2010June 11, 2013 Post navigation방금 전화가 왔는데 친구들이 곧 우리 집에 도착할 거라고 했어요. 음식 준비는 다 됐어요? V/A+ 을/ㄹ 거라고 해요(했어요). 제 동생은 다이어트를 하기 위해서 내일부터 저녁은 안 먹을 거라고
해요. 제 친구는 다음 주에 고향에 돌아갈 거라고 했어요. 일기 예보에서 내일은 추울 거라고 했어요. Related words Source: Yonsei University. Korean Language Institute Share this
Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson. This Lesson is also available in Español Jump to: Vocabulary Quoting with Verbs: ~ㄴ/는다고 Asking Questions with Quoted Sentences Using Quoted Sentences with ~는 것 Vocabulary Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. Use these
sentences to give yourself a feel for how each word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar that you will be learning shortly. A PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found here. Nouns: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “식씬” Examples: 길이 = length Notes: A few adjectives that describe sizes have a similar looking word that represents the noun form of that adjective. For example: 크다 = big 길다 = long 넓다 = wide Common Usages: Examples: 이 바지 길이가 길어서 잘라야 해요 밧줄의 길이가 너무 부족하다고 했어요 저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요 밧줄 =
rope The pronunciation of this word is closer to “바쭐” Common Usages: Examples: 이 밧줄의 길이가 몇 센티이냐고 물어봤어요 저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요 주인공 = main character, hero Common Usages: Examples: 아무래도 다음 영화에서 주인공이 죽을 것
같아요 대부분 사람들이 이 영화의 주인공이 아주 잘생겼다고 말해요 소설가 = novelist Common Usages: 단편소설가 = short story novelist Examples: 소설가가 되기 위해서는 많은 책을 읽고 공부해야 돼요 저는 이 소설가가 다른 소설가들보다 월등히 낫다고 생각합니다 자동차 = automobile, vehicle Common Usages: Examples: 자동차를 사면 자동차 보험을 꼭 들어야 해요 이 길은 가파르기 때문에 자동차 사고가 많이 나요 1년 전에 자동차 사고를 당한 동료는 건강을 회복하고 다시 출근했어요 시식 = samples that supermarkets give out for tasting Examples: 제가 홈플러스에 유일하게 가는 이유는 시식을 먹을 수 있기 때문이에요 입력 = input The pronunciation of this word is closer to “임녁” Common Usages: Examples: 이 정보를 내일까지 다 입력해 줄 거라고 약속했어요 제가 회사에서 자료를 입력해서 하루 종일 책상에 앉아 있어야 돼요 출력 = output Notes: Just like in English, 출력 can be used to refer to something that is printed or taken out of a machine somehow. For example: 인쇄기가 망가져서 이 서류를 출력하지 못해요 출력해야 할 내용이 있어서 복사기를 먼저 찾아야 해요 It can also be used to refer to the power capacity of some machine. For example: 현대 자동차 출력은 첫 번째 출시된 자동차보다 백 배 더 많아요 현금인출기 = ATM Common Usages: Examples: 시위자 = protester Examples: 거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다 회사장은 많은 시위자들로부터 드디어 빠져 나왔어요 시위자들이 소리를 지르기도 하고 가게창문을 깨기도 했어요 불만 = complaint, dissatisfaction Common Usages: Examples: 제가 가장 싫어하는 사람은 하루 종일 불평불만을 하는 사람이에요 정각 = on the hour Examples: Verbs: This word can be used to indicate that one changes their physical direction. For example: 그 사람에 얼굴을 보기 싫어서 돌아섰어요 싫어하는 사람이 저에 다가와서 그 사람을 피하려고 등을 지고 돌아섰어요 It can also be used to indicate that one changes their mind or attitude. When used like this, it is often used with 마음. For example: 남자친구와 어제 심하게 싸워서 남자친구에게 마음이 돌아섰어요 늘이다 = to make longer The pronunciation of this word is closer to “느리다” Notes: 늘이다 is used when one increases length. 늘리다 is used when increasing width of volume (Another usage of 늘리다 is also the active form of 늘다) Common Usages: Examples: 가리키다 = to point, to indicate This word is used to indicate that one physically points at something. For example: 제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거예요 = I will point to the girl that I like the most 길을 잃어서 한 남자에게 방향을 물으니 저기를 가리켰어요 = I got lost, so I asked a man directions, and he pointed there. Similarly, it is used to indicate that some form of measurement reader is pointing towards a number. For example: 시계가 1시를 가리켜요 = The clock is pointing at 1:00 상상하다 = to imagine Common Usages: Examples: 제가 이렇게 더러운 도매시장에서 일하는 것을 상상할
수도 없어요 저는 모든 나라가 민주주의 국가로 변하는 것을 상상할 수 없다고 말했어요 헌집이든 새집이든 내가 깔아놓은 장판 위에서 누군가 새로운 삶을 시작할 거라고 상상하면 행복해지고 있다 심다 = to plant The pronunciation of this word is closer to “심따” Common Usages: Examples: 이 장소에서 나무를 심고 싶다고 말했어요 호우에 의해 올해 농부들은 밭에 옥수수를 심지 못했어 위로하다 = to console The noun form of this word (“위로”) translates to “consolation.” Common Usages: 위로금 = money given to console somebody (this is common in Korea) Examples: 제가 힘든 시간을 보내고 있을 때 남자친구는 진심으로 위로해 줘요 Adjectives: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “조그마타” Examples: 나는 울음을 멈출 수가 없었다. 엄마는 나에게 조그만 선물을 줬다. 바로 내가 작년에 가지고 싶었던 시계였다. 엄마는 내가 작년에 말한 말을 기억하고 있었다. 월등하다 = to be exceptional The pronunciation of this word is closer to “월뜽하다” Common Usages: Examples: 그 선수는 다른 선수들에 비해 실력이 월등해서 모든 게임을 이겼어요 불만족스럽다 = to be dissatisfied The pronunciation of this word is closer to “불만족쓰럽따” Examples: 서울 사람들은 서울시 고등학교 교육과정이 불만족스럽다고 말해요 Adverbs and Other Words: The pronunciation of this word is closer to “몹씨” Examples: 돌아가신 아버지가 몹시 보고 싶어서 어젯밤 많이 울었어요 점차 = gradually/slowly Examples: 지금껏 = until now The pronunciation of this word is closer to “지금껃” Notes: You will see a few other words with ~껏attached. Sometimes ~껏 denotes the time “until” the time period indicated. Another example of this is 지금껏. Other times ~껏 denotes that something is done “as much” as the noun allows for it. Common examples of this are: 마음껏 = as much as one wants Examples: For help memorizing these words, try using our Memrise tool. There are 625 vocabulary entries in Unit 3. All entries are linked to an audio file. Introduction In this lesson, you will learn something that hasn’t been presented at all up to this point. Here, you will learn how to quote people (including yourself) when making sentences. After learning this, you will understand how important it is to know how to quote people in speech, as you will realize how often it comes up. Anyways, here we go, let’s learn how to quote. Quoting with Verbs: ~ㄴ/는다고 Quoting in Korean is counter-intuitive for an English speaker. With some Korean knowledge most people would assume that quoting would be done using the ~는 것 principle. For example, if I were going to say: I know that he likes you I could use the ~는 것 principle to create this sentence in Korean: 나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 알아 = I know that he likes you If I changed the word 알다 (to know) to 말하다 (to say), you would think that I could write this: 나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 말했어 However, this is not how quoting is done in Korean. The ordering of quoted sentences is still the same as ~는 것 sentences, but ~는 것 is not used. So, let’s take out ~는 것 in that sentence: 나는 그가 너를 좋아하?????? 말했어 In quoted sentences, the actual “quoted” part gets conjugated into the plain (or “diary”) form. If you are unfamiliar with the plain form, I suggest you read Lesson 5. Let’s look at a quick table showing the plain form for three common verbs:
You actually conjugate the “quoted” part of a sentence as if it were its own sentence into this form. After the sentence is conjugated to the plain form, you must place “고” at the end of it. For example: 한다고 Let’s look at the example we were looking at before. Instead of writing this: 나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 말했어 We should write: 나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말했어 = I said that he likes you Notice that 좋아하다 in the quoted portion of the sentence is conjugated to the present tense. This is because the sentence I created was “I said that he likes you.” In other situations, the quoted part of the sentence could be conjugated to the past and future tenses. If we wanted, we could also write: 나는 그가 너를 좋아했다고 말했어 = I said that he liked you You can also change the conjugation of the final verb (in these cases “말하다”) to indicate when the quote is said. For example: 나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말하고 있어 = I am saying (telling you) that he likes you If you want to indicate to whom this quote is said to, you can attach ~에게/한테/께 to the person being spoken to. For example: 나는 엄마에게 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야 = I will tell mom that he likes you Let’s look at another example with the different conjugations of the quoted verb: 선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착했다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students arrived late Below are many examples of this quoted ending being used with verbs: 저는 밥을 안 먹었다고 말했어요 = I said that I didn’t eat (rice) 이 길에 큰 자동차가 운전하면 안 된다고 말했어요 저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요 현금인출기에서 현금을 뽑으러 은행에 가야 된다고 말할 거예요 You should know by now that Korean people love shortening their sentences. Because ~ㄴ/는다고already indicates that the sentence is quoted, you do not necessarily need to say “말하다” and instead, you can just say “하다.” For example: 그는 공부하지 않았다고 했어요 = He said that he didn’t study Up to now, you have only learned how to quote a clause when it ends in a verb. Let’s look at how we can do this with adjectives. Quoting with Adjectives: ~다고 Quoting a clause that ends in an adjective is done just like with verbs, in that the predicating adjective is conjugated using the plain form. However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in the present tense is different from verbs. In Lesson 5, you learned that the dictionary form of an adjective (that is, the word by itself without changing it at all) is the same as its plain form conjugation. Therefore, The plain form conjugation of 행복하다 is 행복하다 and not 행복한다 However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in the past tense (and also future tense) is the same as verbs. Let’s look at some examples of clauses that end with adjectives and are used as a quote in a sentence: 밧줄의 길이가 너무 부족하다고 했어요 아빠가 오늘 잡은 물고기가 너무 조그맣다고 했어요 우리 아빠는 자기가 어렸을 때 너무 행복했다고 했어요 우리가 같이 먹었을 때 저는 배고프지 않다고 했어요 대부분 사람들이 이 영화의 주인공이 아주 잘생겼다고 말해요 서울 사람들은 서울시 고등학교 교육과정이 불만족스럽다고 말해요 Also remember that있다 and 없다 are adjectives when they are used to indicate that one has, or does not have an object. This means that 있다 and 없다 should be quoted like other adjectives (also remember that ~ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 falls in this category as well). For example: 학생이 이해할 수 없다고 했어요 = The student said he can’t understand 그는 다음 주 목요일에 여행할 수 있다고 했어요 저는 현금이 없다고 해서 현금인출기에
갔어요 저는 여자 친구에게 같이 가고 싶은 데가 있다고 말했어요 제가 계속 아무 것도 필요가 없다고 했지만 엄마가 선물을 사 줬어요 저는 모든 나라가 민주주의 국가로 변하는 것을 상상할 수 없다고 말했어요 Also remember that 싶다 is an adjective as well. Therefore, when quoting 싶다, it should be conjugated as an adjective. For example: 나는 새로운 차를 사고 싶다고 했어 = I said that I want to buy a new car Now that we know how to quote verbs and adjectives, let’s look at how we can quote 이다. Quoting with 이다: ~(이)라고 Quoting a clause that ends in 이다 is slightly different than quoting verbs and adjectives. When quoting이다 in the past tense, it is done simply by adding ~고 to the past conjugation of 이다 in the plain form. For example: 그가 선생님이었다 = He was a teacher 거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다 = The people who were on the street were protesters When quoting 이다 in the present tense, 라 replaces 다 when writing “이다.” For example: 그가 의사이다고 했어요 (this is incorrect) When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다is attached to) ends in a vowel (as in the example above), “이” can be omitted. For example, both of these are correct: 그가 의사이라고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다 is attached to) ends in a consonant, 이다 cannot be omitted. For example: 우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생이다고 했어요 (this is incorrect) An immediate practical application for this is when you want to quote a verb or adjective to the future tense. In Lesson 9, you learned how to use ~ㄹ 것이다 to create a future tense meaning. For example: 나는 내일 친구를 만날 거야 = I will meet my friend
tomorrow When using this form “것” (which is often shortened to “거”) is simply a noun and the conjugating word is 이다. Therefore, you can quote a future tense clause by using this future tense conjugation, and applying the quoting rules of 이다. For example, look at the following sentence: 나는 밥을 먹을 것이다 That clause/sentence can be quoted by adding the appropriate ending to 이다. For example, any of these would be correct: 나는 밥을 먹을 것이라고 했어 = I said that I will eat Here are many more examples: 저는 우리 가족에게 이 사람이 저의 여자 친구라고 했어요 나는 너에게 그것이 해야 하는 일이라고 벌써 말했어 제가 제일 하고 싶은 것은 밥을 먹는 거라고 했어요 제가 제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거라고 했어요 ———————————— I would like to take a moment to explain the ambiguity of when “이” in 이다 can be removed when attaching a grammatical principle. First of all, whenever 이다 is attached to a noun that ends in a consonant, “이” should be included when attaching another grammatical principle to 이다. For example, here are some grammatical principles being added to 이다, when added to a noun that ends in a consonant. You have learned these before: 선생님이고 You haven’t learned these grammatical principles yet, but the concept is still the same: 선생님이거든 (~거든 is
introduced in Lesson 91) When adding any of these grammatical principles to 이다 when it is attached to a noun ending in a vowel, the “이” can be omitted. For example: 의사이고 or 의사고 are both
acceptable 의사이거든 or 의사거든 are both acceptable In these examples “이” is being omitted because it is blending with the pronunciation of the noun and grammatical principle. When the noun ends in a vowel, your tongue can flow immediately from the noun to the upcoming grammatical principle, and the pronunciation isn’t altered if “이” is included or not. Because of this, including 이 and not including 이 are both seen as correct. However, if we did the same thing with nouns ending in a consonant, not only can your tongue not flow properly from the noun to the grammatical principle, the pronunciation is significantly different. Therefore, omitting 이 in cases where the noun ends in a consonant would be incorrect. Try pronouncing “의사이고” and “의사고” and listen to how small the difference is I touched on this way back in Lesson 9 when I first introduced 이다 and its conjugations, as this same idea can be applied to the past tense conjugation of 이다 as well. When conjugating 이다 to the past tense and then attaching an additional grammatical principle, the pronunciation of “이” can merge with the pronunciation of the grammatical principle if the noun ends in a vowel. For example: 의사였고 (or 의사이었고) 의사였거든 (or 의사이었거든) However, “이” cannot merge with the pronunciation of an upcoming grammatical principle if the noun ends in a consonant. For example: 선생님이었고 (not 선생님였고 or 선생님었고) The same phenomenon happens when we are quoting with 이다. When adding ~(이)라고 to 이다, if the noun ends in a vowel, it can be either: 의사라고 or 의사이라고. However, if adding ~(이)라고 to 이다 and the noun ends in a consonant, it can only be 선생님이라고 (and not 선생님라고) Here are tables that I made that break it down depending on if the word ends in a vowel or consonant.
———————————————————— Other Uses of ~ㄴ/는다고 In addition to 말하다, there are many verbs in Korean that prefer to be used with a quoted clause. I’d like to show you a few of them. 1) To think: 생각하다 저는 그 여자가 별로 안 예쁘다고 생각해요 = I think that girl isn’t that pretty 2) To believe: 믿다 저는 우리 팀이 이길 거라고 믿어요 = I believe that our team will win 3) To call something: 부르다 사람들은 그 건물을 한국타워라고 불러요 밥을 많이 먹을 수 있는 사람들을 식신이라고 불러요 캐나다에서 사람들은 이런 종류의 음식을 푸틴이라고 불러요 Using this type of sentence is a more natural way to tell somebody what your name is. The common way for foreigners to introduce themselves in Korean would be: “제 이름은 김의지입니다” Although correct, it is kind of a direct translation of “my name is…” in English. In Korean, it is more common/natural to introduce yourself using ~(이)라고. In most cases, you add something before your name to describe yourself even more. For example: 안녕하세요, 저는 캐나다에서 온 김의지라고 합니다 Here is another example. This would be a common way for a high school student to introduce himself/herself: 안녕하세요, 저는 강남고등학교 2학년 3반 김의지라고 합니다 4) To promise: 약속하다 현금을 내일 주겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to give you (the) cash tomorrow 5) Finishing a sentence with 그렇다 오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 말했어 The three sentences above don’t really need to be distinguished. The use of 그렇다 as the final word is something that I hear often in speech, but I can’t really detect any difference in meaning. Asking Questions with Quoted Sentences It is also possible to use these quoted conjugations to ask what a person says. For example, if you want to ask what somebody said, you can attach ~(이)라고 to 뭐 (뭐 is introduced in Lesson 22). For example: 뭐라고? = What did you say? This can be said more formally by putting ~요 at the end of the construction. For example: 뭐라고요? = What did you say? If you want, you can add 하다 or 말하다 to these as well. For example: 뭐라고 했어요? = What did you say? These can also be used to ask a person what somebody else said. For example: 아빠가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did
dad say? If you are talking to somebody, and you are not sure if you heard them perfectly, you can ask for clarification about what they said. To do this (assuming you heard most of what they said), you can take their sentence and turn it into a quote. The final 말하다 or 하다 is usually not used, and the quoted conjugation ends in the form of a question. For example: Person 1: 밥을 먹기 싫어 = I don’t want to eat (rice) Person 1: 저는 내일
캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I’m going to Canada tomorrow You don’t necessarily need to repeat their whole sentence. Depending on the situation (or what you already knew, or what you hear), it might be appropriate to just repeat one or some of the words. For example: Person 1:
저의 몸이 몹시 피곤해요 = My body is really tired Person 1: 이 상황이 점차 나빠지고 있어요 = This situation is gradually getting worse If you were the first person in either of those situations, you could respond to the miss-communication by the second person by just stressing the quoted verb or adjective as a response. For example: Person 1: 그는 돈이 없다고 했어요 = He
said that he doesn’t have money One last thing before we finish. I want to talk about a quoted sentence within ~는 것. Using Quoted Sentences with ~는 것 Most of the first part of Unit 2 (Lessons 26 – 33) focused on the purposes of ~는 것. In those lessons, you started to see things like this: 내가 가는 것 You may have noticed by now (not on our website, but I’m sure you are supplementing your studies with various resources) that these are sometimes written/said like this: 내가 간다는 것 Before we get into what it means – notice how it is written. The verb that ~는 것 is being added to has been conjugated into the plain form. To refresh your memory, the present tense (for verbs) of this conjugation would be: 가다 = 간다 Past tense would be: 가다 = 갔다 Future tense would be: 가다 = 가겠다 Adding ~는 것 after any of these plain form conjugations is an abbreviation of a quoted clause. 간다는 것 is abbreviation of 간다고 하는 것 By describing an upcoming noun with a verb that is conjugated (and abbreviated) this way, the clause describing the noun is a quotation, which means that it was once said. It’s better to explain with examples in this case, so let’s look at one: 그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me While the two examples above have a very similar meaning (in both examples, the end result is that the speaker knows that the person does not like him), in the second example, the speaker is pointing out that somebody said “he doesn’t like me”. Specifically who said that clause is ambiguous, and would have to be understood by context. In this case it could be the person himself who said that quote (the person who doesn’t like him) or some other third party. I would never translate that sentence above to the following, but just to show you what I mean: 그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that he said that he doesn’t like me Nonetheless, as I mentioned earlier, the translation and result of these sentences and the sentence above without a quoted clause is the same, and a separate translation doesn’t necessarily need to be made in English because it is often very hard to accurately describe the situation. 그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me In place of “것” in these cases, it is quite common to find the words “사실” (fact) and“소문” (rumor). These are often used because these are nouns whose meaning inherently implies that something was said. For example: 그 여자가 다른 남자랑 애기가 있다는 소문이 있습니다 그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요 Instead of: 그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피우는 것이 있어요 This same principle can be used in the past tense as well (remember to use the plain form): 그녀가 시험에 떨어졌다는 소문을 들었어요 = I heard a rumor that she failed the test You can actually use this principle in this future tense as well, but fasten your seat belts – because it gets tricky. Remember the best way to conjugate to the future tense. Instead of saying “먹겠다” it is more common to say “먹을 것이다.” Well, in these cases, notice that the final word is “이다”. This means that you need to added the quoted conjugation onto 이다 (which you learned how to do in this lesson). It would break down like this: 먹을 것 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = 먹을 것이라는 것 For example: 그녀가 곧 결혼할 거라는 사실을 잊어버렸어요 = I forgot (the fact that) that she will be getting married soon Also remember how to conjugate adjectives using this plain form (in the present tense). Remember once again that, for example, when conjugating verbs, you need to do: 가다 = 간다 But with adjectives in the plain form, you just leave them as they are: 행복하다 = 행복하다 So, using an adjective before ~ㄴ/는다는 것 would look like this: That’s it for this lesson! There are 1200 example sentences in Unit 3. Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson!
Or, |